Skin Discolouration: Types, Causes, & Treatment Options

Ever looked in the mirror and noticed a patch of skin that feels a little off in tone? You are not alone! Skin discolouration is something many of us experience at different points in life. It may show up as dark spots, uneven patches, or subtle changes in skin tone. And most of the time, it can affect how we feel about our skin.

The good news? Most types of skin discolouration can be cared for and improved with the right approach. In this blog, let us explore the types, causes, and the best ways to treat and prevent skin discolouration. Read on!

What is Skin Discolouration?

Skin discolouration simply means that some areas of your skin do not match the rest. The colour of our skin basically comes from a pigment called melanin. Cells called melanocytes make this pigment. If melanocytes produce too much melanin, the skin looks darker. This is known as hyperpigmentation. 

If they produce too little of it, lighter patches appear. This is hypopigmentation. This is not just about appearance. Changes in pigmentation can signal sun exposure, inflammation, hormonal shifts, or even autoimmune activity. For example, that faint brown spot on your cheek may be the result of acne. On the other hand, widespread lighter patches could suggest vitiligo. That is why it is important to understand the types and causes of skin discolouration. ^{1 2}

Types & Causes of Skin Discolouration

Skin discolouration is not a single condition. It is an umbrella term for different pigment changes. Let us break them down below.

1. Hyperpigmentation

This occurs when the melanocytes produce excess melanin. Hyperpigmentation may be of the following types:

2. Melasma

This skin condition appears as dark patches on the facial skin. Sun exposure generally increases its risk. It is common in women with medium to darker skin tones. However, it may affect anyone. Common causes include changes in female hormones, estrogen and progesterone. These may occur due to pregnancy, birth control pills, or hormone replacement therapy. ³

3. Sunspots

These are also known as age spots. They are flat, brown-to-black patches that form mainly due to long-term sun damage. Their major cause is the change in skin cells called keratinocytes. These cells grow abnormally in certain layers and do not shed properly in others. This uneven distribution leads to a buildup of melanin in the abnormal growth areas, leading to dark spots.

Sunspots may occur on your face, hands, or any sun-exposed part of your body. They are usually harmless, but in some cases, they indicate an increased risk of skin cancer. ⁴

4. Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation

This type of hyperpigmentation occurs as a response to inflammation or injury. It is especially common in people with medium to dark skin tones. These spots may fade naturally. However, the process can take months or even years without proper treatment. The common causes of this kind of skin discolouration include acne, skin infections, injuries like burns, allergic reactions, etc.  ⁵

5. Hypopigmentation

This occurs when the melanocytes produce less melanin. Hypopigmentation may be of the following types:

6. Post-inflammatory Hypopigmentation

This is a condition where patches of skin become lighter than the surrounding skin. Like post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, this may also occur due to inflammation or injury. They are usually harmless but may affect a person’s appearance and confidence, sometimes causing social or emotional stress. ⁶

7. Tinea Versicolor

This is a fungal skin infection that appears as light patches on the skin. It most often affects the trunk, neck, and upper arms or legs. In some cases, it may also cause hyperpigmentation. This condition is caused by a yeast called Malassezia, which normally lives on the skin. The infection occurs when this yeast changes form and grows more actively. ⁷

8. Oculocutaneous Albinism

People with this condition usually have very fair skin and light or white hair. Because their skin has little pigment, they are more sensitive to the sun. They also have a higher risk of sunburn and skin cancer, including melanoma. The condition is caused by mutations in genes that help the body produce melanin. ⁸

9. Depigmentation

This occurs when the melanocytes produce no melanin. Depigmentation may be of the following types:

10. Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a condition where patches of skin lose their natural colour. This happens because the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys melanocytes, the cells that make melanin. People with a family history of vitiligo or autoimmune diseases are more likely to develop it. Sometimes triggers like sunburn, stress, or chemical exposure may also worsen or increase the risk of the condition. ⁹

11. Chemical Leukoderma

In this condition, the skin loses its colour after repeated contact with certain chemicals. It can look very similar to vitiligo. However, it occurs due to external chemical exposure rather than an autoimmune reaction. Many chemicals, especially those in the phenol group, may lead to this skin condition. ¹⁰

Natural & Home Remedies for Skin Discolouration

Some everyday ingredients like turmeric and green tea may help brighten the skin and reduce the appearance of skin discolouration. Let us learn more about them below:

• Turmeric: It contains curcumin that interferes with melanin production. This may help fade discolouration, especially dark spots. ¹¹
• Green Tea: It is rich in a polyphenol called EGCG. Research suggests that it may inhibit the activity of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin synthesis. Due to this, green tea may help reduce discolouration. ¹²
• Aloe Vera: It contains aloesin and aloin. Research suggests they may interfere with the excessive production of melanin to fade and prevent discolouration. ¹³

Caution: While these remedies are natural, it is important to note that not all of them are safe. This is because even natural ingredients may cause allergic reactions. If you are using them for the first time, always patch-test and talk to a dermatologist first.

Dermatologist-Endorsed Treatments for Skin Discolouration

The best way to tackle skin discolouration is to go for dermat-recommended treatments. Some of these include: ^{5 14}

• Topical Treatments: These include actives like Hydroquinone and Retinoids. They help inhibit melanin production and improve cell turnover to fade pigmentation. 
• Chemical Peels: These use actives like Salicylic and Glycolic Acids. They are mainly useful for post-inflammatory pigmentary changes.
• Laser Therapy: It uses focused light to break down excess melanin. If done without expert care, it may irritate the skin and cause further hyperpigmentation.
• Antifungals: For Tinea versicolor, doctors recommend topical and oral antifungal medications like Selenium sulfide shampoo and Itraconazole.
• Surgical Procedures: These include procedures like skin grafting. Your doctor may recommend them for depigmentation and hypopigmentation conditions.

Ways to Prevent Skin Discolouration

If your skin discolouration is genetic, like albinism, you cannot control it. However, in other cases, you may follow these tips:

• Always use sunscreen to protect yourself from sun damage, even when you are indoors.
• Reapply it every 2-3 hours if you are outdoors.
• Avoid harsh products that may irritate your skin or lead to allergic reactions.
• Always do a patch test before trying new skincare products.
• Manage acne gently. Avoid picking or squeezing, as it can leave dark marks.

When To Call the Doctor for Skin Discolouration?

In most cases, skin pigmentation issues are purely cosmetic. However, sometimes, they may require medical attention. You should visit a doctor if:

• The discolouration comes with itching, pain, or bleeding.
• Over-the-counter medications or home remedies fail.
• You suspect vitiligo or infections.

Final Thoughts

Skin discolouration may feel frustrating. However, with the right approach, you can manage and improve it. From simple home remedies to dermatologist-backed treatments, consistency is key to seeing results. Protecting your skin from the sun, avoiding harsh products, and choosing the right skincare routine can also make a visible difference over time. If you are looking for gentle, toxin-free products to support your skincare journey, explore https://www.areoveda.in/ or call 18002025255.

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